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Ubuntu 搭建LNMP服务器（Linux/Nginx/MySQL/PHP）
准备
相关文章：
更新软件源
sudo apt-get install software-properties-common sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ondrej/php sudo apt-get update
安装 Nginx
关于php网站的配置
DokuWiki网站的Nginx配置
- Dokuwiki的安全设置 https://www.dokuwiki.org/security#web_access_security
- Dokuwiki 2018-04-22b “Greebo” 不支持 php7.3 (亲测支持php7.0)
安装php后，需要在配置文件中开启php功能。 以 vim /etc/nginx/sites-available/default 为例
# pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000
#
location ~ \.php$ {
include snippets/fastcgi-php.conf;
#
# # With php7.0-cgi alone:
# fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
# # With php7.0-fpm:
fastcgi_pass unix:/run/php/php7.0-fpm.sock;
}
注意：fastcgi_pass中的php版本应与当前安装的版本一致
安装 PHP
默认安装php
sudo apt-get install php
或者直接指定版本安装php
sudo apt-get install php7.0
查看安装的php版本（本次安装的为 php7.0）
php -v
安装php*-fpm模块
sudo apt-get install php7.0-fpm
安装其他可能需要的模块
sudo apt-get install php7.0-gd sudo apt-get install php7.0-mbstring
php相关服务的控制
sudo systemctl start php7.0-fpm sudo systemctl stop php7.0-fpm sudo systemctl restart php7.0-fpm sudo systemctl status php7.0-fpm
查询、安装php的可选模块
查询可用模块
apt-cache search php7.0
安装模块
apt-get -y install php7.0-mysql php7.0-curl php7.0-gd php7.0-intl php-pear php-imagick php7.0-imap php7.0-mcrypt php-memcache php7.0-pspell php7.0-recode php7.0-sqlite3 php7.0-tidy php7.0-xmlrpc php7.0-xsl php7.0-mbstring
权限
与 php*.*-fpm 相关的文件权限
chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www/test && chmod -R 755 /var/www/test
一些问题的解决办法
nginx搭建php提示No input file specified.
打开fastcgi.conf
vim /etc/nginx/fastcgi.conf
设置fastcgi的可操作目录(防止跨站)，在最后添加:
fastcgi_param PHP_VALUE open_basedir=/opt/:/tmp/;
重启nginx
service nginx restart
安装 MySQL
注意事项
安装
卸载
完全移除Nginx
sudo apt-get --purge autoremove nginx
重置Nginx配置文件
sudo apt-get -o DPkg::options::=--force-confmiss --reinstall install nginx-common
怎么完全卸载、安装Nginx，参考：
查看已安装的相关软件（以nginx为例）
dpkg --get-selections | grep nginx
Nginx的安装与配置(Ubuntu)
适用版本：Ubuntu 16.04、Ubuntu 18.04
安装 Nginx
安装
sudo apt-get install nginx
如果要查看加载的是哪个配置文件，可以用这个命令
sudo nginx -t
或者
ps -ef | grep nginx
配置文件一般在这里
/etc/nginx/nginx.conf
控制 Nginx 方式1
通过这种方式安装的，会自动创建服务，会自动在 /etc/init.d/nginx 新建服务脚本，然后就可以使用下面的命令启动、停止等。
sudo service nginx {start|stop|restart|reload|force-reload|status|configtest|rotate|upgrade}
如
sudo service nginx start sudo service nginx stop sudo service nginx restart
控制 Nginx 2（推荐）
可以通过键入以下命令来检查systemd init系统以确保服务正在运行：
systemctl status nginx
要停止您的Web服务器，请键入：
sudo systemctl stop nginx
停止时要启动Web服务器，请输入：
sudo systemctl start nginx
要停止并再次启动服务，请键入：
sudo systemctl restart nginx
如果您只是简单地进行配置更改，Nginx通常可以重新加载而不会丢失连接。 为此，请输入：
sudo systemctl reload nginx
默认情况下，Nginx配置为在服务器引导时自动启动。 如果这不是您想要的，可以通过输入以下命令来禁用此行为：
sudo systemctl disable nginx
要重新启用服务以在启动时启动，您可以键入：
sudo systemctl enable nginx
管理网站
Nginx默认启用了一个服务器模块，该模块被配置为在以下目录：
/var/www/html
虽然这适用于单个站点，但如果您托管多个站点，它可能会变得很笨重。 我们不必修改/var/www/html ，而是在/var/www为我们的example.com网站创建一个目录结构，并将/var/www/html 保留为默认目录，如果客户端请求没有匹配任何其他网站。
按如下所示为example.com创建目录，使用-p标志创建任何必需的父目录：
sudo mkdir -p /var/www/example.com/html
接下来，使用$USER环境变量分配目录的所有权：
sudo chown -R $USER:$USER /var/www/example.com/html
如果你没有修改你的umask值，你的web根目录的权限应该是正确的，但是你可以通过输入：
sudo chmod -R 755 /var/www/example.com
如果是使用的php*-fpm，则用户应为 www-data
sudo chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www/test && chmod -R 755 /var/www/test #或者在当前目录设置 sudo chown -R www-data:www-data * && chmod -R 755 *
接下来，使用编辑器创建一个index.html页面示例：
vim /var/www/example.com/html/index.html
在里面，添加下面的示例HTML：
<html> <head> <title>Welcome to Example.com!</title> </head> <body> <h1>Success! The example.com server block is working!</h1> </body> </html>
完成后保存并关闭文件。
为了让Nginx提供这些内容，有必要创建一个具有正确指令的服务器块。 我们不要直接修改默认配置文件，而是在/etc/nginx/sites-available/example.com上创建一个新文件： sudo vim /etc/nginx/sites-available/example.com
粘贴到以下配置块中，该块类似于默认值，但已更新为我们的新目录和域名：
server {
listen 80;
listen [::]:80;
root /var/www/example.com/html;
index index.html index.htm index.nginx-debian.html;
server_name example.com www.example.com;
location / {
try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
}
}
请注意，我们已将root配置更新到我们的新目录，并将server_name为我们的域名。
接下来，让我们通过创建一个链接到启动sites-enabled目录来启用该文件，该目录是Nginx在启动过程中读取的：
sudo ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/example.com /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/
现在启用两个服务器模块并将其配置为基于listen和server_name指令响应请求（您可以阅读关于Nginx如何处理这些指令的更多信息）：
- example.com ：将响应example.com和www.example.com请求。
- default ：将响应端口80上与其他两个块不匹配的任何请求。
为了避免添加额外的服务器名称可能导致的哈希桶内存问题，有必要调整/etc/nginx/nginx.conf文件中的单个值。 打开文件：
sudo vim /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
找到server_names_hash_bucket_size指令并删除#符号以取消注释该行：
...
http {
...
server_names_hash_bucket_size 64;
...
}
...
接下来，测试以确保您的Nginx文件中没有语法错误：
sudo nginx -t
完成后保存并关闭文件。
如果没有任何问题，请重新启动Nginx以启用您的更改：
sudo systemctl restart nginx
Nginx现在应该为您的域名提供服务。
你可以通过导航到http://example.com来测试它!
一些问题
出现类似 nginx depends on nginx-core (>= 1.10.3-0ubuntu0.16.04.4) 的错误的解决办法：
首先看是否有 Apache2 服务正在启动，关闭它
sudo systemctl stop apache2.service
防止 Apache2 服务自启
sudo systemctl disable apache2.service
重新安装 Nginx
sudo apt-get install nginx
Nginx主要的文件和目录
内容
- /var/www/html ：默认情况下，实际的网页内容仅包含您之前看到的默认Nginx页面，它将在/var/www/html目录中提供。 这可以通过改变Nginx配置文件来改变。
服务器配置
- /etc/nginx ：Nginx配置目录。 所有的Nginx配置文件都驻留在这里。
- /etc/nginx/nginx.conf ：主要的Nginx配置文件。 这可以修改，以更改Nginx全局配置。
- /etc/nginx/sites-available/ ：可存储每个站点服务器块的目录。 除非将Nginx链接到sites-enabled了sites-enabled目录，否则Nginx不会使用此目录中的配置文件。 通常，所有服务器块配置都在此目录中完成，然后通过链接到其他目录启用。
- /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/ ：存储启用的每个站点服务器块的目录。 通常，这些是通过链接到sites-available目录中的配置文件创建的。
- /etc/nginx/snippets ：这个目录包含可以包含在Nginx配置其他地方的配置片段。 可重复配置的片段可以重构为片段。
服务器日志
- /var/log/nginx/access.log ：除非Nginx配置为其他方式，否则每个对您的Web服务器的请求都会记录在此日志文件中。
- /var/log/nginx/error.log ：任何Nginx错误都会记录在这个日志中。
Dokuwiki网站的配置
/boot 空间不足，导致安装、更新失败
错误信息
gzip: stdout: No space left on device E: mkinitramfs failure cpio 141 gzip 1 update-initramfs: failed for /boot/initrd.img-#.#.#-##-generic with 1. dpkg: error processing initramfs-tools (--configure): subprocess installed post-installation script returned error exit status 1 Errors were encountered while processing: initramfs-tools E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)
或者
Not enough free disk space The upgrade has aborted. The upgrade needs a total of 101 M free space on disk '/boot'. Please free at least an additional 101 M of disk space on '/boot'. You can remove old kernels using 'sudo apt autoremove' and you could also set COMPRESS=xz in /etc/initramfs-tools/initramfs.conf to reduce the size of your initramfs.
或者
The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required: linux-headers-4.4.0-131 linux-headers-4.4.0-131-generic linux-headers-4.4.0-133 linux-headers-4.4.0-133-generic linux-headers-4.4.0-134 linux-headers-4.4.0-134-generic linux-headers-4.4.0-137 linux-headers-4.4.0-137-generic linux-headers-4.4.0-139 linux-headers-4.4.0-139-generic linux-headers-4.4.0-62 linux-headers-4.4.0-62-generic linux-image-4.4.0-131-generic linux-image-4.4.0-133-generic linux-image-4.4.0-134-generic linux-image-4.4.0-137-generic linux-image-4.4.0-139-generic linux-image-4.4.0-62-generic linux-image-extra-4.4.0-131-generic linux-image-extra-4.4.0-133-generic linux-image-extra-4.4.0-134-generic linux-image-extra-4.4.0-137-generic linux-image-extra-4.4.0-139-generic linux-image-extra-4.4.0-62-generic Use 'apt autoremove' to remove them. The following additional packages will be installed: linux-image-4.4.0-139-generic linux-image-4.4.0-164-generic linux-modules-4.4.0-164-generic Suggested packages: fdutils linux-doc-4.4.0 | linux-source-4.4.0 linux-tools The following NEW packages will be installed: linux-image-4.4.0-139-generic linux-image-4.4.0-164-generic linux-modules-4.4.0-164-generic 0 upgraded, 3 newly installed, 0 to remove and 135 not upgraded. 7 not fully installed or removed. Need to get 41.0 MB of archives. After this operation, 135 MB of additional disk space will be used.
解决办法
空间不够，先清理空间
cd /boot rm abi-4.4.0-133-generic rm config-4.4.0-133-generic rm initrd.img-4.4.0-133-generic rm retpoline-4.4.0-133-generic rm System.map-4.4.0-133-generic rm vmlinuz-4.4.0-133-generic
查看当前系统内核
uname -a
查看已安装的内核
dpkg -l 'linux-image-*' | grep '^ii'
逐个删除不用的内核
sudo apt-get purge linux-image-4.4.0-137-generic sudo apt-get purge linux-image-4.4.0-138-generic sudo apt-get purge linux-image-4.4.0-139-generic sudo apt-get purge linux-image-4.4.0-164-generic sudo apt-get purge linux-image-4.4.0-62-generic
参考：
Linux 升级内核
1# 查看当前系统的linux内核版本
执行下面的命令：
uname -mrs
命令输出如下：
Linux 4.4.0-62-generic x86_64
2# 查看当前可用的最新版本的linux 内核
执行下面的命令：
apt-cache search linux-generic
示例2：
Ubuntu检查内核版本：
uname -a
确定你的系统是32位还是64位的：
getconf LONG_BIT
直接通过wget命令，去http://kernel.ubuntu.com/~kernel-ppa/mainline/去下载最新的程序包，例如我去下载64位的4.10.2的内核：
wget http://kernel.ubuntu.com/~kernel-ppa/mainline/v4.10.2/linux-image-4.10.2-041002-generic_4.10.2-041002.201703120131_amd64.deb
切换到你的文件下载目录，执行下面的命令进行升级：
dpkg -i linux-image-4.10.2-041002-generic_4.10.2-041002.201703120131_amd64.deb
更新grub引导装入程序：
update-grub
重启机器：
reboot
再查看自己的内核版本就会发现已经更新到4.10.2了~
linux 查看正在占用的端口
1.使用lsof
lsof -i
查看单个端口使用情况：
lsof -i:port
2.使用netstat
方法1：
netstat -anp|grep 80
方法2：
netstat -nultp
参考
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