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Python 爬虫入门
安装 Python
从官网下载安装包进行安装,https://www.python.org/downloads/
安装后设置环境变量,如
%Python311%=C:\capps\Python\Python311
在Path中添加环境变量
%Python311% %Python311%\Scripts
确认安装的Python版本是否正常,在运行命令中输入
python --version # 输出以下内容则证明已正常安装 Python 3.11.4
可通过以下命令查看运行的python程序位置
where python
如果发现运行的Python版本不对,可通过调整环境变量Path中的Python路径顺序,在前的优先识别
安装常用库
常用引用库
import requests from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
如果发现未安装库,可以通过以下命令分别安装
# install requests # https://stackoverflow.com/questions/17309288/importerror-no-module-named-requests pip3 install requests # install beautifulsoup lxml # https://www.jianshu.com/p/782326aae373 pip install beautifulsoup4 pip install lxml
登录 Request
…
BeautifulSoup 教程
AI
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- 优设AI工具导航 https://hao.uisdc.com/ai/
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- AI 聊天(可调戏) https://www.kupid.ai/
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NGINX 配置免费的 Let’s Encrypt SSL/TLS 证书
Let’s Encrypt 的工作原理
在颁发证书之前,Let’s Encrypt 会验证域名的所有权。在您的主机上运行的 Let’s Encrypt 客户端将创建一个临时文件(一个令牌),其中包含所需的信息。然后,Let’s Encrypt 验证服务器会发出 HTTP 请求以检索文件并验证令牌,从而验证您域名的 DNS 记录是否解析到运行 Let’s Encrypt 客户端的服务器。
准备工作
在开始使用 Let’s Encrypt 之前,您需要:
- 安装 NGINX 。
- 拥有或管理需安装证书的注册域名。如果没有注册域名,您可以在域名注册商处申请。
- 创建一条 DNS 记录,将您的域名和服务器的公共 IP 地址关联。
用NGINX 轻松设置 Let’s Encrypt
1. 下载 Let’s Encrypt 客户端
首先,下载 Let’s Encrypt 客户端 certbot。
如上所述,我们在 Ubuntu 16.04 上测试了相关指令,以下是在该平台上运行的相应命令:
apt-get update sudo apt-get install certbot apt-get install python-certbot-nginx
用 Ubuntu 18.04和更高版本, 替代 Python 3版本:
apt-get update sudo apt-get install certbot apt-get install python3-certbot-nginx
2 设置 NGINX
certbot 可以自动完成 NGINX 的 SSL/TLS 配置。它会在您的 NGINX 配置中查找并修改包含 server_name 指令(含有您为其请求证书的域名)的 server 块。在我们的示例中,域名为 www.example.com.
假设您在一个全新的 NGINX 安装上进行设置,请使用文本编辑器在 /etc/nginx/site-enabled 目录中创建一个名为 domain‑name.conf 的文件(在我们的示例中为 www.example.com.conf)。
使用 server_name 指令指定您的域名(如果域名有变体的话也请指定):
server { listen 80 default_server; listen [::]:80 default_server; root /var/www/html; server_name example.com www.example.com; }
保存文件,然后运行以下命令来验证配置的语法并重新启动 NGINX:
nginx -t && nginx -s reload
3 获取 SSL/TLS 证书
certbot 的 NGINX 插件负责重新配置 NGINX,并在必要时重新加载其配置。
运行以下命令,使用 NGINX 插件生成证书:
sudo certbot --nginx -d example.com -d www.example.com
根据 certbot 的提示配置 HTTPS 设置,包括输入您的电子邮件地址并同意 Let’s Encrypt 服务条款。
证书生成后,NGINX 重新加载新设置。certbot 生成一条消息,显示证书成功生成,并指示证书在服务器上的位置。
Congratulations! You have successfully enabled https://example.com and https://www.example.com ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- IMPORTANT NOTES: Congratulations! Your certificate and chain have been saved at: /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/fullchain.pem Your key file has been saved at: /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com//privkey.pem Your cert will expire on 2017-12-12.
注:Let’s Encrypt 证书在 90 天后到期(在本例中,到期时间为 2017 年 12 月 12 日)。有关自动更新证书的信息,请参阅下方“自动更新 Let’s Encrypt 证书”一节。
如果查看 domain‑name.conf,您会发现 certbot 已对其进行了修改:
server { listen 80 default_server; listen [::]:80 default_server; root /var/www/html; server_name example.com www.example.com; listen 443 ssl; # managed by Certbot # RSA certificate ssl_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/fullchain.pem; # managed by Certbot ssl_certificate_key /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/privkey.pem; # managed by Certbot include /etc/letsencrypt/options-ssl-nginx.conf; # managed by Certbot # Redirect non-https traffic to https if ($scheme != "https") { return 301 https://$host$request_uri; } # managed by Certbot }
4 自动更新 Let’s Encrypt 证书
Let’s Encrypt 证书将在 90 天后到期。我们建议您自动更新证书。此处,我们将一个 cron 作业添加到现有 crontab 文件中,以执行这一操作。
打开 crontab 文件。
crontab -e
添加 certbot 命令,并设置为每天运行。在本例中,我们每天中午运行该命令。该命令检查服务器上的证书是否会在未来 30 天内到期,如果是,则更新证书。–quiet 指令告知 certbot 不要生成输出。
0 12 * * * /usr/bin/certbot renew --quiet
保存并关闭文件。所有已安装的证书将自动更新和重新加载。
总结
以上,我们安装了 Let’s Encrypt 代理来为注册域名生成 SSL/TLS 证书,然后配置 NGINX 使用证书,并设置了自动更新证书。借助面向 NGINX 和 NGINX Plus 的 Let’s Encrypt 证书,您可以在几分钟内轻松搭建一个安全的网站。
如欲亲自试用 NGINX Plus 和 Let’s Encrypt,请立即下载 30 天免费试用版,或与我们联系以讨论您的用例。
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